Composite projectile and cartridge with composite projectile

ABSTRACT

A projectile includes a toughened polymer resin, a curative agent and a particulate filler. The curative agent cures the toughened polymer resin. The particulate filler is distributed throughout the resin. The particulate filler has a density greater than a density of the resin. The particulate filler can be 70 to 80 percent by weight of the total projectile composition. The particulate filler can include at least one of copper, tungsten, lead, iron and steel. The projectile has an average density that is less than the density of lead. Additionally, the toughened polymer resin can be 20 to 30 percent by weight of the total projectile composition.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

For purposes of the United States, the present application is acontinuation-in-part patent application of, and claims domestic priorityunder 35 U.S.C. §120 to, U.S. nonprovisional patent application Ser. No.13/772,914, filed with the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office on Feb. 21,2013, which '914 application, any publication thereof, and any patentissuing therefrom, are incorporated by reference herein. The presentapplication also is a nonprovisional patent application of, and claimspriority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to, U.S. provisional patent application61/942,589.

COPYRIGHT STATEMENT

All of the material in this patent document is subject to copyrightprotection under the copyright laws of the United States and othercountries. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimilereproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure,as it appears in official governmental records, but all other copyrightrights whatsoever are reserved.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to projectiles and small armsammunition, and more particularly to ammunition incorporating compositeprojectiles.

Conventional small arms ammunition comprises a cartridge having a casingloaded with a propellant powder and a projectile (e.g., a bullet). Animpact-sensitive primer ignites the propellant when struck by a gun'sfiring pin. Projectiles for such ammunition are most typically made fromlead or lead alloys. This material has a high density providing goodvelocity retention, range, muzzle energy, and target penetration, whilebeing soft enough to engage the rifling in a barrel without damaging thebarrel.

Unfortunately, lead is a source of both indoor and outdoor pollution,and is also rising in cost. Attempts have been made in the prior art toreplace lead in projectiles. However, these materials have either beenexpensive (e.g., tungsten) or have significant performance limitationsin terms of structural integrity and target penetration (e.g.,polymers). Furthermore, even when projectiles are made from lead, theirexpansion characteristics (and related temporary and permanent woundingeffects) are limited when incorporated into pistol ammunition, becauseof the relatively low muzzle energy levels that can be safely generatedin a pistol. This limits the so-called “stopping power” of conventionalpistol ammunition.

Other attempts have been made to replace lead in projectiles, asevidenced, for example, by U.S. Pat. No. 5,237,930; U.S. Pat. No.5,399,187; U.S. Pat. No. 5,616,642; U.S. Pat. No. 5,786,416; U.S. Pat.No. 6,048,379; U.S. Pat. No. 6,630,231; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,823,798.

Nonetheless, it is believed that there remains a need for a projectilewith performance characteristics at least as good as a lead projectile;for a projectile that is more cost effective and more environmentallyfriendly than lead projectiles; and/or for a projectile providingenhanced stopping power or wounding effect compared to lead projectiles.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is believed that one or more such perceived needs are addressed byone or more preferred aspects of the present invention, in which aprojectile comprises a toughened polymer matrix—and specifically atoughened polymer resin comprising an elastomer-modified epoxyfunctional adduct formed by the reaction of a bisphenol A liquid epoxyresin and a carboxyl terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile elastomer; aparticulate filler distributed in and through the toughened polymerresin; and a curative agent by which the toughened polymer resin withdistributed particulate filler is cured. The cured toughened polymerresin with distributed particulate filler forms a projectile body in adesired projectile shape, e.g., the shape of a bullet. Preferably theelastomer content is 40% by weight with respect to the toughened polymerresin; preferably the filler has a density greater than a density of theresin; and preferably the projectile has an average density less thanthe density of lead.

According to other aspects of the invention, ammunition cartridgesinclude such projectiles.

According to yet another aspect of the invention, a method of making aprojectile includes: (a) mixing a toughened polymer matrix—andspecifically a toughened polymer resin comprising an elastomer-modifiedepoxy functional adduct formed by the reaction of a bisphenol A liquidepoxy resin and a carboxyl terminated butadiene-acrylonitrileelastomer—with a particulate filler, and mixing the toughened epoxyresin having the particulate filler with a curative agent; (b)introducing the mixture into a projectile mold having a cavity in adesired projectile shape such as that of a bullet; (c) allowing theresin to cure so as to form a completed projectile; and (d) removing thecompleted projectile from the mold. Preferably the elastomer content is40% by weight with respect to the toughened polymer resin; preferablythe filler has a density greater than a density of the resin; andpreferably the projectile has an average density less than the densityof lead. Furthermore, preferred methods for making ammunition cartridgeshaving such projectiles include the aforesaid preferred method of makingsuch a projectile.

While not necessarily preferred, another aspect of the inventionincludes a projectile comprising a toughened polymer matrix—andspecifically a toughened polymer resin comprising an elastomer-modifiedepoxy functional adduct formed by the reaction of a bisphenol A liquidepoxy resin and a carboxyl terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile elastomer,and a curative agent by which the toughened polymer resin is cured, butdoes not include the particulate filler. The cured toughened polymerresin forms a projectile body having the desired projectile shape, e.g.,the shape of a bullet. It is believed that such a projectile has agreater area of destruction at impact than a comparable lead bullet, butthat such projectile does not penetrate as far as such a projectilehaving the particulate filler.

In accordance with additional preferred aspects of the invention, aprojectile comprises: (a) a toughened polymer resin comprising anelastomer-modified epoxy functional adduct formed by the reaction of abisphenol A liquid epoxy resin and a carboxyl terminatedbutadiene-acrylonitrile elastomer; (b) a particulate filler distributedthrough the resin, the filler having a density greater than a density ofthe resin; and (c) a curative agent by which the toughened polymer resinwith distributed particulate filler is cured. In preferred embodimentsthereof, the projectile may have an average density less than thedensity of lead; and the projectile may have an average density lessthan 45 percent of the density of lead.

In a feature of this aspect, the filler is selected from the groupconsisting of: copper, tungsten, lead, depleted uranium, bismuth,bronze, iron and steel, ceramic, clay, mica, silica, calcium carbide, amicro-encapsulated material, and combinations thereof.

In a feature of this aspect, the resin is 20 to 30 weight percent of thetotal projectile composition.

In a feature of this aspect, the filler is 70 to 80 weight percent ofthe total projectile composition.

In a feature of this aspect, the filler comprises tungsten.

In a feature of this aspect, the elastomer content is 40 percent byweight of the toughened polymer resin.

In a feature of this aspect, the cured toughened polymer resin withdistributed particulate filler is in the form of a projectile bodyhaving the shape of a bullet. Preferably the cured toughened polymerresin with distributed particulate filler is molded into the shape.

In another feature, an ammunition cartridge comprises: (a) a propellant;and (b) a projectile fixed in position relative to the propellant, theprojectile comprising: (i) a toughened polymer resin comprising anelastomer-modified epoxy functional adduct formed by the reaction of abisphenol A liquid epoxy resin and a carboxyl terminatedbutadiene-acrylonitrile elastomer; (ii) a particulate filler distributedthrough the resin, the filler having a density greater than a density ofthe resin; and (iii) a curative agent by which the toughened polymerresin with distributed particulate filler is cured; (c) wherein theprojectile has an average density less than the density of lead.

In a feature, the amount of the propellant and the mass of theprojectile are selected to produce a muzzle energy of at least 900foot-pounds when fired from a 5 inch long barrel.

In a feature, the projectile has an average density less than 45 percentof the density of lead.

In a feature, the resin is 20 to 30 weight percent of the totalprojectile composition.

In a feature, the filler is 70 to 80 weight percent of the totalprojectile composition.

In a feature, the filler comprises tungsten.

In a feature, the elastomer content is 40 percent by weight of thetoughened polymer resin.

In a feature, the filler is selected from the group consisting of:copper, tungsten, lead, depleted uranium, bismuth, bronze, iron andsteel, ceramic, clay, mica, silica, calcium carbide, amicro-encapsulated material, and combinations thereof.

In a feature, the cured toughened polymer resin with distributedparticulate filler is in the form of a projectile body having the shapeof a bullet.

In another aspect, an ammunition cartridge comprises: (a) a primer; (b)a propellant; (c) a projectile; and (d) a casing containing the primer,propellant and projectile, with the projectile projecting from thecasing; (e) wherein the projectile comprises: (i) a toughened polymerresin comprising an elastomer-modified epoxy functional adduct formed bythe reaction of a bisphenol A liquid epoxy resin and a carboxylterminated butadiene-acrylonitrile elastomer; (ii) a particulate fillerdistributed through the resin, the filler having a density greater thana density of the resin; and (iii) a curative agent by which thetoughened polymer resin with distributed particulate filler is cured.

In a feature, the amount of the propellant and the mass of theprojectile are selected to produce a muzzle energy of at least 900foot-pounds when fired from a 5 inch long barrel.

In a feature, the projectile has an average density less than 45 percentof the density of lead.

In a feature, the resin is 20 to 30 weight percent of the totalprojectile composition.

In a feature, the filler is 70 to 80 weight percent of the totalprojectile composition.

In a feature, the filler comprises tungsten.

In a feature, the elastomer content is 40 percent by weight of thetoughened polymer resin.

In a feature, the filler is selected from the group consisting of:copper, tungsten, lead, depleted uranium, bismuth, bronze, iron andsteel, ceramic, clay, mica, silica, calcium carbide, amicro-encapsulated material, and combinations thereof.

In a feature, the cured toughened polymer resin with distributedparticulate filler is in the form of a projectile body having the shapeof a bullet.

In another aspect, a projectile comprises: (a) a toughened polymer resincomprising an elastomer-modified epoxy functional adduct formed by thereaction of a bisphenol A liquid epoxy resin and a carboxyl terminatedbutadiene-acrylonitrile elastomer; and (b) a curative agent by which thetoughened polymer resin is cured.

In a feature, the projectile further comprises a particulate fillerdistributed in and through the resin.

In a feature, the filler has a density greater than a density of theresin.

In a feature, the projectile has an average density less than thedensity of lead.

In another aspect, a method of making a projectile for an ammunitioncartridge comprises the steps of: (a) mixing together to form a mixture,(i) an elastomer-modified epoxy functional adduct formed by the reactionof a bisphenol A liquid epoxy resin and a carboxyl terminatedbutadiene-acrylonitrile elastomer, (ii) a particulate filler, and (iii)a curative agent; (b) introducing the mixture into a projectile moldhaving a cavity in a desired projectile shape; (c) allowing the resin tocure so as to form a completed projectile made from a toughened polymerresin; and (d) removing the projectile from the mold.

In a feature, the filler has a density greater than a density of theresin.

In a feature, the completed projectile has an average density less thanthe density of lead.

In yet another aspect, a method of making a projectile for an ammunitioncartridge comprises: (a) mixing together to form a mixture, (i) anelastomer-modified epoxy functional adduct formed by the reaction of abisphenol A liquid epoxy resin and a carboxyl terminatedbutadiene-acrylonitrile elastomer, and (ii) a curative agent; (b)introducing the mixture into a projectile mold having a cavity in adesired projectile shape; (c) allowing the resin to cure so as to form acompleted projectile made from a toughened polymer resin; and (d)removing the projectile from the mold.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention may be best understood by reference to the followingdescription taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, whereinFIG. 1 illustrates a partially-sectioned side view of acartridge—including a projectile—constructed in accordance with anaspect of the present invention; and wherein FIG. 1a illustrates apartially-sectioned side view of a cartridge—including aprojectile—constructed in accordance with another aspect of the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary cartridge 10constructed in accordance with one or more preferred aspects of thepresent invention.

As shown in FIG. 1, the cartridge 10 includes a generally cylindricalcasing 12 with a base 14 at one end, and a mouth 16 at the opposite endat which a projectile 26 extends from the casing 12. For the purposes ofillustration the example cartridge is a 11.4 mm (0.45 in.) caliberAutomatic Colt Pistol cartridge (commonly identified as “.45 ACP”).However, it will be understood that the principles of the presentinvention may be extended to any type or caliber of cartridge.

The base 14 includes a primer pocket 18 with a flash hole 20communicating with the interior of the casing 12. A conventional primer22 is disposed in the primer pocket 18. A powder charge 24 of propellant(such as conventional smokeless gunpowder) is disposed in the interiorof the casing 12, in communication with the flash hole 20.

The casing 12 is of conventional construction, for example it may bedrawn from brass or aluminum alloys or molded from plastic. Anycommercially available casing is suitable for this purpose. It is alsoknown to create “caseless” ammunition rounds wherein a propellant chargeis loaded into a projectile having an extended base forming a powderenclosure, or wherein propellant is mixed with a suitable binder andmolded into the shape of a cartridge case. In this type of ammunitionthe projectile is fixed in position relative to the propellant. Inaddition to breech-loading firearms, the principles of the presentinvention are applicable to such caseless ammunition, as well as tomuzzle-loading firearms using either separate powder-and-ball orcombustible (e.g., paper) cases.

The projectile 26 is retained in the mouth 16 of the casing. Theprojectile 26 comprises a non-metallic matrix 28 with a particulatefiller 30 distributed therethrough. The projectile 26 preferably islead-free. As used herein, the term “lead-free” refers to a projectilewhich does not have lead intentionally included in its composition andwhich includes lead only to the degree that it is an unavoidableimpurity in other components of the composition. Nonetheless, the fillermay comprise lead in alternative embodiments.

More specifically, the matrix 28 is a toughened polymer resin. As usedherein, the term “toughness” generally refers to the ability to absorbenergy and plastically deform before fracturing, or in other words theopposite of “brittle.” The toughness or brittleness of a particularmaterial is a matter of degree. In industry usage, a “toughened resin”typically refers to a polymer containing an elastomeric component whichimparts toughness. As used herein, “toughened” describes the cured stateof the resin, and it is noted that the chemical component providing thequality of toughness may be provided by any of the constituentcomponents used to produce the final resin, or may come about as aresult of the curing reaction. A preferred toughened epoxy resin is anelastomer-modified epoxy functional adduct formed by the reaction of abisphenol A liquid epoxy resin and a carboxyl terminatedbutadiene-acrylonitrile elastomer. The elastomer content is 40% byweight. This material is commercially available from The Dow ChemicalCompany under the trademark FORTEGRA™ 201.

The filler 30 may be any powder or particulate. Non-limiting examplesinclude lead, depleted uranium, copper, tungsten, bismuth, ceramic,bronze, iron and steel, clay, mica, silica, calcium carbide, andmicro-encapsulated materials (wherein a selected material isencapsulated in a particulate-sized shell). In any case, the filler 30preferably is of higher density than the cured matrix 28.

It is believed that the aforementioned preferred combination ofmaterials forming a projectile has important advantages overconventional metal alloy projectiles. In particular, it is believed thatprojectiles made from this combination of materials can havesignificantly improved stopping power and wounding performance thanconventional homogenous metallic projectiles, even though they may haveless mass than conventional projectiles. Depending on materialselection, the projectiles also may be less toxic than conventional leadprojectiles.

EXAMPLE 1

Projectiles have nominal dimensions conforming to the .45 ACP standardwere produced using varying amounts of the toughened epoxy resindescribed above as the matrix—and specifically a toughened polymer resincomprising an elastomer-modified epoxy functional adduct formed by thereaction of a bisphenol A liquid epoxy resin and a carboxyl terminatedbutadiene-acrylonitrile elastomer, and iron powder (US Standard Meshsize 108) as the filler, using the following process. First, the epoxyresin was heated to an appropriate temperature of about 49° C. (120° F.)to reduce its viscosity and permit mixing and distribution of thefiller. The proper temperature is dependent on particle size. The finerthe powder, the lower the viscosity needs to be for proper mixing. Next,the filler was mixed into the resin. After mixing, a conventionalhardener (an amine) was added to the resin/filler mixture, at a ratio of10 parts resin to 1 part hardener. As used herein, the term “hardener”refers to any type of curative agent for the resin. The mixture was thenpoured into a prepared projectile mold. The resin/filler/hardenermixture was cured to produce an epoxy polymer, and the projectile wasremoved from the mold.

The finished projectiles were found to have the filler distributedthroughout the resin. The mass of the projectiles varied depending onthe type and amount of filler used, as well as the total length of theprojectile. It is noted that the mass of the projectile can be variedfrom a baseline by changing either its density or its volume. This islimited by a need to maintain a certain minimum length to ensure thatthe projectile does not jam in a barrel and will not tumble duringflight. Projectiles were produced with a range of masses from less than2.6 g (40 grains) to over 5.8 g (90 grains). By comparison, aconventional lead projectile with the same exterior dimensions wouldtypically have a mass of about 14.9 g (230 grains). Accordingly, theaverage density of the projectiles was less than 45% of the density of alead projectile of equal exterior dimensions.

For the example caliber tested, and for the specific combination ofresin, hardener, and filler used with the example caliber, a range of20% to 30% by weight of resin was preferred. The preferred proportion ofresin will vary with various factors such as the type of resin andhardener, the type and size of filler, and so forth. In one particulartested example, the composition of the projectile was 26% by weightresin and 74% by weight filler. It is believed that the composition andmanufacturing method described above results in the epoxy bonding to theiron particle filler creating a homogeneous and cohesive matrix whichallows it to withstand the forces created during firing of theprojectile. It is believed that the properties of this projectile aresuch that, in response to an impact of enough force to fracture theprojectile, the projectile will break up into large fragments havingsignificant mass that are substantially larger than powder particles,instead of breaking up into powder or dust, which is generally commonwith known prior art projectiles of composite construction. As anexample, the fragments may have a minimum size on the order of about 2.5mm (0.10 in.), or about 20 times the size of powder particles.

EXAMPLE 2

The projectiles described above can be incorporated into cartridgeshaving powder loads much greater than conventionally used. Incombination with a lower-mass projectile, this generates needed muzzlevelocity and energy to have lethality (i.e., temporary and permanentwounding characteristics) similar to a conventional lead projectile,when used as offensive or defensive ammunition.

For example, projectiles described above in .45 ACP caliber, having aweight of about 5.8 g (90 grains), were loaded into cartridges with apowder load sufficient to generate a muzzle velocity of about 701 m/s(2300 ft/s) to 732 m/s (2400 ft/s) when fired from a 12.7 cm (5 in.)long barrel.

The cartridges were found to exhibit unexpected performancecharacteristics. The projectiles had excellent structural integrity anddid not fail or break up in flight even at the extremely high muzzlevelocities. This is believed to be a result of a synergistic interactionbetween the polymer resin and the particulate filler.

The projectiles were fired into water-soaked paper telephone books at arange of about 13.7 m (15 yd). The projectiles exhibited excellenttarget penetration, approximately 15.2 cm (6 in.) depth. The projectilesalso showed a “shotgun blast” effect. In particular, a projectile ofnominal .45 ACP diameter, approximately 11.46 mm (0.451 in.) was foundto produce an entry hole in a target of about 5.1 cm (2 in.) diameter,and an exit hole much greater than 5.1 cm (2 in.) diameter. In thin,tough targets such as steel drum heads, the same projectile was found toproduce a through-hole of about 5.1 cm (2 in.) diameter. It is believedthat this is a larger hole than would be expected even with aconventional hollow-point or soft lead “dum-dum” projectiles.Observation after firing suggests that the projectile remained intact inflight to the target. It is believed that the projectiles may expand toa large diameter upon initial contact, creating the large-diameter holesmentioned above. Recovered projectiles were found to be in fragments ofa size believed to be significantly larger than powder. The projectilesmay have broken up into fragments upon initial contact with the target,or may have broken up after substantial intact expansion. The “shotgunblast” effect and large hole size was observed regardless of exactlywhen or how the projectile expanded and/or fragmented.

It is noted that the principles of the present invention are believed tobe applicable to composite projectiles having other compositions thatalso display the penetration and expansion/fragmentation propertiesdescribed above. For example other polymer resins, not necessarilyclassified as “toughened”, may be found that interact with a filler toproduce the projectile properties described herein.

This type of expansion and/or fragmentation stands in stark contrast toprior art composite projectiles, which are typically configured todisintegrate into powder-sized particles. This performance was observedwhen the muzzle energy was about 1.22 kJ (900 ft-lb) or greater. Themass of the projectile and the power charge may be varied to achievethis energy level. The amount of the propellant and the mass of theprojectile preferably are selected to produce a muzzle energy of atleast 400 foot-pounds when fired from a 5 inch long barrel, and morepreferably are selected to produce a muzzle energy of at least 900foot-pounds when fired from a 5 inch long barrel. Moreover, theperceived recoil of these cartridges was no greater than referencecartridges of the same caliber loaded with conventional jacketed leadprojectiles to standard velocities.

Furthermore, the cartridges did not exhibit signs of overpressure, suchas case cracking or raised primers, and are therefore believed to besuitable for use in conventional firearms.

These projectiles and ammunition rounds are believed to be especiallylethal and suitable for hunting, military, or self-defense purposeswhile maintaining recoil at levels equal to or less than conventionallead projectile rounds. The performance of these rounds allows a handgunto provide the lethality that is typically associated with rifleammunition.

The loads may be varied to suit a particular end use. For example, ifthe projectile mass is reduced to about 2.6 g (40 grains), nopenetration of a target is observed. At about 3.9 g (60 grains), somepenetration is observed. At 5.2 g to 5.8 g (80 grams to 90 grains),excellent penetration is observed as described above. Projectiles oflower masses may be desirable as target rounds or non-lethal rounds.Projectiles without filler also may be used as target rounds ornon-lethal rounds.

FIG. 1a illustrates a partially-sectioned side view of acartridge—including a projectile—constructed in accordance with anotheraspect of the present invention, wherein the same structural componentsas the cartridge in FIG. 1 are referred to with the same numerals. Thissecond illustrated embodiment in FIG. 1a is essentially the same as thatof FIG. 1 with the exception that no particulate filler has beenincluded in the projectile.

The foregoing has described composite projectiles and ammunition madefrom composite projectiles. While specific embodiments of the presentinvention have been described, it will be apparent to those skilled inthe art that various modifications thereto can be made without departingfrom the spirit and scope of the invention.

1-10. (canceled)
 11. A projectile comprising: a toughened polymer resin;a curative agent by which the toughened polymer resin is cured; and aparticulate filler distributed through the toughened polymer resin, theparticulate filler having a density greater than a density of thetoughened polymer resin; wherein the particulate filler is 70 to 80percent by weight of the total projectile composition.
 12. Theprojectile of claim 11, wherein the projectile has an average densitythat is less than the density of lead.
 13. The projectile of claim 12,wherein the toughened polymer resin is 20 to 30 percent by weight of thetotal projectile composition.
 14. The projectile of claim 11, whereinthe projectile has an average density that is less than 45 percent ofthe density of lead.
 15. The projectile of claim 11, wherein theparticulate filler includes copper.
 16. The projectile of claim 11,wherein the projectile is substantially lead-free.
 17. The projectile ofclaim 11, wherein the particulate filler includes a material selectedfrom the group consisting of copper, tungsten, lead, iron and steel. 18.A cartridge including a casing and the projectile of claim 11, with theprojectile projecting from an end of the casing.
 19. The cartridge ofclaim 18, further comprising a propellant that is adapted to propel theprojectile from the casing.
 20. The cartridge of claim 18, wherein thecasing is formed from a material selected from the group consisting ofbrass, aluminum alloy and plastic.
 21. A projectile comprising: atoughened polymer resin; and a particulate filler distributed throughthe toughened polymer resin, the particulate filler having a densitygreater than a density of the toughened polymer resin; wherein theparticulate filler is 70 to 80 percent by weight of the total projectilecomposition.
 22. The projectile of claim 21, wherein the toughenedpolymer resin includes an elastomer-modified epoxy functional adduct.23. The projectile of claim 21, wherein the projectile has an averagedensity that is less than the density of lead.
 24. The projectile ofclaim 21, wherein the projectile has an average density that is lessthan 45 percent of the density of lead.
 25. The projectile of claim 21,wherein the projectile is substantially lead-free.
 26. The projectile ofclaim 21, wherein the particulate filler includes a material selectedfrom the group consisting of copper, tungsten, lead, iron and steel. 27.A cartridge including a casing and the projectile of claim 21, with theprojectile projecting from an end of the casing.
 28. The cartridge ofclaim 27, further comprising a propellant that is adapted to propel theprojectile from the casing.
 29. The cartridge of claim 27, wherein thecasing is formed from a material selected from the group consisting ofbrass, aluminum alloy and plastic.
 30. A projectile comprising: atoughened polymer resin including an elastomer-modified epoxy functionaladduct; a curative agent by which the toughened polymer resin is cured;and a particulate filler distributed through the toughened polymerresin, the particulate filler having a density greater than a density ofthe toughened polymer resin, the particulate filler including a materialselected from the group consisting of copper, tungsten, iron and steel;wherein the particulate filler is 70 to 80 percent by weight of thetotal projectile composition; wherein the toughened polymer resin is 20to 30 percent by weight of the total projectile composition; and whereinthe projectile is substantially lead-free and has an average densitythat is less than 45 percent of the density of lead.